MDA: A Motivated Manifesto?
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چکیده
The history of software engineering is marked by ever-rising levels of abstraction. The first programmers coded in binary; in short order, the field moved to assembly language, then 3GLs such as Fortran and Cobol, and now the effort involves more expressive traditional languages (such as C++ and Java) as well as domain-specific 4GLs. Development environments, originally command-line tools, integrated compilers and linkers, have more recently extended to incorporate modeling and collaboration. In the 1990s, middleware grew out of sockets and other networking utilities; today, those utilities have been replaced by sophisticated network programming environments that incorporate such elements as transactions and security. In many ways, the problem of development is no longer just a matter of programming against an operating system, but rather writing against middleware, which is, in effect, a distributed, concurrent and secure operating system that works at a higher level of abstraction.
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